Technical Reports

COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES; Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP; James D. Campbell, MD, MS, FAAP; Monica I. Ardura, DO, MSCS, FAAP; Ritu Banerjee, MD, PhD, FAAP; Kristina A. Bryant, MD, FAAP; Mary T. Caserta, MD, FAAP; Robert W. Frenck, MD, FAAP; Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, FAAP; Chandy C. John, MD, MS, FAAP; Athena P. Kourtis, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Angela Myers, MD, MPH, FAAP; Pia Pannaraj, MD, MPH, FAAP; Adam J. Ratner, MD, MPH, FAAP; Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE, FAAP; Kristina A. Bryant, MD, FAAP; Annika M. Hofstetter, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Juan D. Chaparro, MD, MS, FAAP; Jeremy J. Michel, MD, MHS, FAAP; David W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAP; Mark H. Sawyer, MD, FAAP; Henry H. Bernstein, DO, MHCM, FAAP; Cristina V. Cardemil, MD, MPH, FAAP; Karen M. Farizo, MD; Lisa M. Kafer, MD, FAAP; David Kim, MD, MA; Eduardo López Medina, MD, MSc; Denee Moore, MD, FAAFP; Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, MD, MPH; José R. Romero, MD, FAAP; Laura Sauvé, MD, MPH, FAAP, FRCPS; Jeffrey R. Starke, MD, FAAP; Jennifer Thompson, MD; Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH; Charles R. Woods, MD, MS, FAAP; Jennifer M. Frantz, MPH; Gillian Gibbs, MPH

Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MS, MBA, FAAP, FACEP; Susan Duffy, MD, MPH, FAAP; Dina Wallin, MD; Jennifer A. Hoffmann, MD, FAAP; Madeline M. Joseph, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Jennifer Schieferle Uhlenbrock, DNP, MBA, RN, TCRN; Kathleen Brown, MD, FAAP; Muhammad Waseem, MD, MS, FAAP, FACEP, CHSE-A; Sally Snow, BSN, RN, CPEN, FAEN; Madeline Andrew, MD; Alice A. Kuo, MD, PhD, MBA, FAAP; Carmen Sulton, MD, FAAP; Thomas Chun, MD, MPH, FAAP; Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACEP; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; Gregory P. Conners, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP, FACEP; James Callahan, MD, FAAP; Toni Gross, MD, MPH, FAAP; Madeline M. Joseph, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACEP; Elizabeth Mack, MD, MS, FAAP; Jennifer Marin, MD, MSc, FAAP; Suzan Mazor, MD, FAAP; Ronald Paul, MD, FAAP; Nathan Timm, MD, FAAP; Mark Cicero, MD, FAAP; Ann Dietrich, MD, FACEP; Andrew Eisenberg, MD, MHA; Mary Fallat, MD, FAAP; Sue Tellez; AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee; Ann M. Dietrich, MD; Kiyetta H. Alade, MD; Christopher S. Amato, MD; Zaza Atanelov, MD; Marc Auerbach, MD; Isabel A. Barata, MD, FACEP; Lee S. Benjamin, MD, FACEP; Kathleen T. Berg, MD; Kathleen Brown, MD, FACEP; Cindy Chang, MD; Jessica Chow, MD; Corrie E. Chumpitazi, MD, MS, FACEP; Ilene A. Claudius, MD, FACEP; Joshua Easter, MD; Ashley Foster, MD; Sean M. Fox, MD, FACEP; Marianne Gausche-Hill, MD, FACEP; Michael J. Gerardi, MD, FACEP; Jeffrey M. Goodloe, MD, FACEP; Melanie Heniff, MD, JD, FAAP, FACEP; James (Jim) L. Homme, MD, FACEP; Paul T. Ishimine, MD, FACEP; Susan D. John, MD; Madeline M. Joseph, MD, FACEP; Samuel Hiu-Fung Lam, MD, MPH, RDMS, FACEP; Simone L. Lawson, MD; Moon O. Lee, MD, FACEP; Joyce Li, MD; Sophia D. Lin, MD; Dyllon Ivy Martini, MD; Larry Bruce Mellick, MD, FACEP; Donna Mendez, MD; Emory M. Petrack, MD, FACEP; Lauren Rice, MD; Emily A. Rose, MD, FACEP; Timothy Ruttan, MD, FACEP; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MBA, FACEP; Genevieve Santillanes, MD, FACEP; Joelle N. Simpson, MD, MPH, FACEP; Shyam M. Sivasankar, MD; Daniel Slubowski, MD; Annalise Sorrentino, MD, FACEP; Michael J. Stoner, MD, FACEP; Carmen D. Sulton, MD, FACEP; Jonathan H. Valente, MD, FACEP; Samreen Vora, MD, FACEP; Jessica J. Wall, MD; Dina Wallin, MD, FACEP; Theresa A. Walls, MD, MPH; Muhammad Waseem, MD, MS; Dale P. Woolridge, MD, PhD, FACEP; Sam Shahid, MBBS, MPH; EMERGENCY NURSES ASSOCIATION Pediatric Committee; Roberta Miller, RN, CPEN, TCRN; Elyssa Wood, PhD, MPH, RN, FAEN; Tasha Lowery, RN, APRN, CEN, CPEN, ENP-C, FNP-C; Julie Cohen, MSN, RN, CPEN, CEN; Rebecca VanStanton, MSN, RN, CEN, CPEN, TCRN; Lisa Hill, DNP, RN, TCRN; Elizabeth Stone, PhD, RN, CPEN, CHSE, FAEN; Domenique Johnson, MSN, RN

Mary T. Caserta, MD, FAAP; Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP; Flor M. Munoz, MD, MSc, FAAP; Shawn L. Ralston, MD, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES; Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP; James D. Campbell, MD, MS, FAAP; Monica I. Ardura, DO, MSCS, FAAP; Ritu Banerjee, MD, PhD, FAAP; Kristina A. Bryant, MD, FAAP; Mary T. Caserta, MD, FAAP; Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, FAAP; Chandy C. John, MD, MS, FAAP; Athena P. Kourtis, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Angela Myers, MD, MPH, FAAP; Pia Pannaraj, MD, MPH, FAAP; Adam J. Ratner, MD, MPH, FAAP; José R. Romero, MD, FAAP; Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE, FAAP; Kenneth M. Zangwill, MD, FAAP; Yvonne A. Maldonado, MD, FAAP; Flor M. Munoz, MD, MSc, FAAP; Shawn L. Ralston, MD, FAAP; David W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAP; Mark H. Sawyer, MD, FAAP; Henry H. Bernstein, DO, MHCM, FAAP; Karen M. Farizo, MD; Lisa M. Kafer, MD, FAAP; David Kim, MD; Eduardo López Medina, MD, MSc; Denee Moore, MD, FAAFP; Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, MD, MPH; Laura Sauvé, MD, MPH, FAAP, FRCPS; Jeffrey R. Starke, MD, FAAP; Jennifer Thompson, MD; Kay M. Tomashek, MD, MPH, DTM; Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH; Charles R. Woods, Jr., MD, MS, FAAP; Jennifer M. Frantz, MPH

Sadiqa Kendi, MD, FAAP; Brian D. Johnston, MD, MPH, FAAP; COUNCIL ON INJURY, VIOLENCE, AND POISON PREVENTION; Benjamin Hoffman, MD, FAAP; Phyllis F. Agran, MD, MPH, FAAP; Alison Culyba, MD, MPH, PhD, FAAP; James Dodington, MD, FAAP; Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Terri McFadden, MD, FAAP; Kathy Monroe, MD, FAAP; Milton Tenenbein, MD, FAAP; Kyran Quinlan, MD, MPH, FAAP; Suzanne Beno, MD; Cinnamon Dixon, DO, MPH, FAAP; Laura Dunn; Jonathan D. Midgett, PhD; Bethany Miller, MSW, Med; Judith Qualters, PhD; Bonnie Kozial

Suzan S. Mazor, MD, FAAP; Michelle C. Barrett, PharmD, BCPS, BCPPS; Corinne Shubin, MD, FAAP; Shannon Manzi, PharmD, BCPPS, FPPA; COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE; Gregory P. Conners, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP, FACEP; James Callahan, MD, FAAP; Toni Gross, MD, MPH, FAAP; Madeline Joseph, MD, FAAP; Lois Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Elizabeth Mack, MD, MS, FAAP; Jennifer Marin, MD, MSc, FAAP; Ronald Paul, MD, FAAP; Nathan Timm, MD, FAAP; Mark Cicero, MD, FAAP; Ann Dietrich, MD, FACEP; Andrew Eisenberg, MD, MHA; Mary Fallat, MD, FAAP; Cynthia Wright Johnson, MSN, RN; Cynthiana Lightfoot, BFA, NRP; Charles Macias, MD, MPH, FAAP; Diane Pilkey, RN, MPH; Katherine Remick, MD, FAAP, FEMS; Elizabeth Stone, RN, PhD, RN, CPEN; Javier Gonzalez del Rey, MD, MEd, FAAP; Joseph L. Wright, MD, MPH, FAAP; Sue Tellez

Brian P. Jenssen, MD, FAAP; Susan C. Walley, MD, FAAP; Rachel Boykan, MD, FAAP; Alice Little Caldwell, MD, MPH, IBCLC, FAAP; Deepa Camenga, MD, FAAP; SECTION ON NICOTINE AND TOBACCO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT, COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION; Judith A. Groner, MD, FAAP; Jyothi N. Marbin, MD, FAAP; Bryan Mih, MD, MPH, FAAP; Lily Rabinow, MD; Gregory H. Blake, MD; Karen S. Smith; James D. Baumberger, MPP; SECTION ON NICOTINE AND TOBACCO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT, COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION; Lucien Gonzalez, MD, MS, FAAP; Rita Agarwal, MD, FAAP; Joanna Quigley, MD, FAAP; Kenneth Zoucha, MD, FAAP; Leslie Walker-Harding, MD, FAAP; Christine Kurien, DO; Rebecca Ba’Gah, MD, FAAP; Renee Jarrett, MPH

Toni K. Gross, MD, MPH, FAAP; Natalie E. Lane, MD, FAAP; Nathan L. Timm, MD, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE; Gregory P. Conners, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP; Jennifer Hoffmann, MD, FAAP; Benson Hsu, MD, MBA, FAAP; Lois Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Jennifer Marin, MD, MSc, FAAP; Suzan Mazor, MD, FAAP; Ronald Paul, MD, FAAP; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MS, MBA, FAAP; Muhammad Waseem, MBBS, FAAP; Mark Cicero, MD, FAAP; Paul Ishimine, MD, FACEP, FAAP; Andrew Eisenberg, MD, MHA; Mary Fallat, MD, FAAP; Patricia Fanflik, PhD, MFT, MS; Cynthia Wright Johnson, MSN, RN; Sara Kinsman, MD, PhD, FAAP; Cynthiana Lightfoot, BFA, NRP; Charles Macias, MD, MPH, FAAP; Katherine Remick, MD, FAAP; Sam Shahid, MBBS, MPH; Elizabeth Stone, RN, PhD, CPEN; Joseph Wright, MD, MPH, FAAP; James Callahan, MD, FAAP; Javier Gonzalez del Rey, MD, MEd, FAAP; Madeline Joseph, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth Mack, MD, MS, FAAP; Ann Dietrich, MD, FACEP; Brian Moore, MD, FAAP; Diane Pilkey, RN, MPH; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MBA, FAAP, FACEP; Sally Snow, RN, BSN, CPEN, FAEN; Sue Tellez

Alan D. Woolf, MD, MPH, FAAP; Bryan D. Stierman, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Lori G. Byron, MD, FAAP; COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE; Alan D. Woolf, MD, MPH, FAAP; Bryan D. Stierman, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Lori G. Byron, MD; Aparna Bole, MD; Sophie J. Balk, MD, FAAP; Gredia Maria Huerta-Montañez, MD, FAAP; Philip J. Landrigan, MD, FAAP; Steven M. Marcus, MD, FAAP; Abby L. Nerlinger, MD, FAAP; Lisa H. Patel, MD, FAAP; Rebecca Philipsborn, MD, FAAP; Lauren Zajac, MD, MHP, FAAP; Kimberly A. Gray, PhD; Jeanne Briskin; Nathaniel G. DeNicola, MD, MSc; CDR Matt Karwowski, MD, MPH, FAAP; Aaron Briggs, MD; Mary H. Ward, PhD; COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES; Yvonne A. Maldonado, MD; Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP; Monica I. Ardura, DO, MSCS, FAAP; Ritu Banerjee, MD, PhD, FAAP; Kristina A Bryant, MD, FAAP; James D. Campbell, MD, MS, FAAP; Mary T. Caserta, MD, FAAP; Chandy C. John, MD, MS, FAAP; Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, FAAP; Athena P. Kourtis, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Adam J. Ratner, MD, MPH, FAAP; José R. Romero, MD, FAAP; Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE, FAAP; Kenneth M. Zangwill, MD, FAAP; David W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP; Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAP; Mark H. Sawyer, MD, FAAP; Henry H. Bernstein, DO, MHCM, FAAP; Karen M. Farizo, MD; Lisa M. Kafer, MD, FAAP; David Kim, MD; Eduardo López Medina, MD, MSc; Denee Moore, MD, FAAFP; Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, MD, MPH, FAAP; Laura Sauvé, MD, MPH, FRCPS; Neil S. Silverman, MD; Jeffrey R. Starke, MD, FAAP; Kay M. Tomashek, MD, MPH, DTM; Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH; Jennifer M. Frantz, MPH

Asheley C. Skinner, PhD; Amanda E. Staiano, PhD, MPP; Sarah C. Armstrong, MD, FAAP; Shari L. Barkin, MD, MSHS; Sandra G. Hassink, MD, FAAP; Jennifer E. Moore, PhD, RN, FAAN; Jennifer S. Savage, PhD; Helene Vilme, DrPH; Ashley E. Weedn, MD, MPH, FAAP; Janice Liebhart, MS; Jeanne Lindros, MPH; Eileen M. Reilly, MSW

Asheley C. Skinner, PhD; Amanda E. Staiano, PhD, MPP; Sarah C. Armstrong, MD, FAAP; Shari L. Barkin, MD, MSHS; Sandra G. Hassink, MD, FAAP; Jennifer E. Moore, PhD, RN, FAAN; Jennifer S. Savage, PhD; Helene Vilme, DrPH; Ashley E. Weedn, MD, MPH, FAAP; Janice Liebhart, MS; Jeanne Lindros, MPH; Eileen M. Reilly, MSW

Susan R. Rose, MD, FAAP; Ari J. Wassner, MD; Kupper A. Wintergerst, MD, FAAP; Nana-Hawa Yayah-Jones, MD; Robert J. Hopkin, MD, FAAP; Janet Chuang, MD; Jessica R. Smith, MD; Katherine Abell, MD; Stephen H. LaFranchi, MD, FAAP; SECTION ON ENDOCRINOLOGY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE; Kupper A. Wintergerst, MD, FAAP; Kathleen E. Bethin, MD, FAAP; Jill L. Brodsky, MD, FAAP; David H. Jelley, MD, FAAP; Bess A. Marshall, MD, FAAP; Lucy D. Mastrandrea, MD, PhD, FAAP; Jane L. Lynch, MD, FAAP; Laura Laskosz, MPH; COUNCIL ON GENETICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE; Leah W. Burke, MD, MA, FAAP; Timothy A. Geleske, MD, FAAP; Ingrid A. Holm, MD, FAAP; Wendy J. Introne, MD, FAAP; Kelly Jones, MD, FAAP; Michael J. Lyons, MD, FAAP; Danielle C. Monteil, MD, FAAP; Amanda B. Pritchard, MD, FAAP; Pamela Lyn Smith Trapane, MD, FAAP; Samantha A. Vergano, MD, FAAP; Kathryn Weaver, MD, FAAP; Aimee A. Alexander, MS, CGC; Christopher Cunniff, MD, FAP; Mary E. Null, MD; Melissa A. Parisi, MD, PhD, FAAP; Steven J Ralson, MD; Joan Scott, MS, CGC; Paul Spire

Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Eric W. Fleegler, MD, MPH, FAAP; Monika K. Goyal, MD, MSCE, FAAP; Kiesha Fraser Doh, MD, FAAP; Danielle Laraque-Arena, MD, FAAP; Benjamin D. Hoffman, MD, FAAP; THE COUNCIL ON INJURY, VIOLENCE, AND POISON PREVENTION

Dan L. Stewart, MD, FAAP; Yasser Elsayed, MD, FRCPC; María V. Fraga, MD; Brian D. Coley, MD, FAAP, FACR; Aparna Annam, DO, FAAP; Sarah Sarvis Milla, MD, FAAP; THE COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN AND SECTION ON RADIOLOGY; Eric Eichenwald, MD; Charleta Guillory, MD; Ivan Hand, MD; Mark Hudak, MD; David Kaufman, MD; Camilia Martin, MD; Ashley Lucke, MD; Margaret Parker, MD; Arun Pramanik, MD; Kelly Wade, MD; Timothy Jancelewicz, MD; Michael Narvey, MD; Russell Miller, MD; RADM Wanda Barfield, MD, MPH; Lisa Grisham, APRN, NNP-BC; Jim Couto, MA; Section on Radiology Executive Committee, 2021–2022; Hansel J. Otero, MD, FAAP, Chairperson; Patricia Trinidad Acharya, MD; Adina Lynn Alazraki, MD, FAAP; Ellen Benya, MD, FAAP; Brandon P. Brown, MD MA, FAAP; Reza James Daugherty, MD, FAAP; Edward Richer, MD, FAAP; Laura Laskosz, MPH

Madeline M. Joseph, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Prashant Mahajan, MD, MPH, MBA; Sally K. Snow, BSN, RN, CPEN, FAEN; Brandon C. Ku, MD; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MS, MBA; COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, the AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE COMMITTEE, and the EMERGENCY NURSES ASSOCIATION PEDIATRIC COMMITTEE

Charles A. Jennissen, MD, FAAP; Gerene M. Denning, PhD; Mary E. Aitken, MD, MPH, FAAP; THE COUNCIL ON INJURY, VIOLENCE, AND POISON PREVENTION

Shannon L. Carpenter, MD, MS, FAAP; Thomas C. Abshire, MD; Emily Killough, MD, FAAP; James D. Anderst, MD, MS, FAAP; the AAP SECTION ON HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY, THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY, and the AAP COUNCIL ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Michael R. Flaherty, DO; Ashley M. Blanchard, MD, MSc, FAAP; Maneesha Agarwal, MD, FAAP; THE COUNCIL ON INJURY, VIOLENCE, AND POISON PREVENTION

Jonathan L. Slaughter, MD, MPH, FAAP; Alex R. Kemper, MD, MPH, MS, FAAP; Thomas B. Newman, MD, MPH, FAAP

Joan Younger Meek, MD, MS, RD, FAAP, FABM, IBCLC; Lawrence Noble, MD, FAAP, FABM, IBCLC